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​Ⅵ.결론종래의학자들은오스만제국을서양국가들의격렬한제국주의적침략을받은피해자로묘사했다.물론이런묘사는어느정도타당하다.그런데정작오스만제국이제국주의적수법을어느정도사용했는지에대해서는얼버무리고넘어가려는경향이있다.오스만제국은최소한19세기초반까지는그수법을매우잘활용했다.본고에서다루려노력했듯이,오스만국가는여러모로독특하긴하나초기근대아프로-유라시아대륙각지에생겨난제국들과마찬가지로광대한영토를관통하는행정적중앙집권화,의도적인다민족성과민족경계의초월,공격적인공간적팽창주의를가지고있었고,이것이오스만제국이성공하고또장기유지된이유이다.오스만제국은더이상피해자또는이례적인사례로보일필요가없다.오히려오스만제국은대략같은시대에아프로-유라시아대륙에생겨났던초기근대제국들(무굴제국,로마노프제국,대영제국,대청제국등)의하나로묘사될수있다.오스만제국은서구화속에서도이런특징을멸망까지유지했다.19세기초그리스독립을시작으로오스만국가의역사는영토상실의연속이었다.19세기말베를린조약으로세르비아,몬테네그로,루마니아는독립국가가되었고,보스니아와헤르체고비나는사실상오스트리아가통치하게되었다.영국은키프로스섬을얻었고,프랑스는튀니스를점령했다.1911~1912년의트리폴리타니아전쟁에서도오스만제국은패배했고,1912~1913년의발칸전쟁에서는유럽지역의영토대부분을상실했다.오스만제국의유럽지역영토는에디르네와이스탄불사이의해안에면한작은평원으로국한되어있었다. 따라서후기오스만사연구에서가장중요한주제의하나는오스만제국은왜몰락했느냐는것이다.종래에는원인을민족주의의광풍에서찾았다.민족주의와민족국가가탄생한것은20세기초로,서양에서도그리오래전일은아니였다.국가에대한의식적인개념은17세기에국가를세운왕가들,즉브란덴부르크-프로이센의호엔촐레른왕조,프랑스의부르봉왕조,그리고스웨덴의구스타프2세아돌프에의해처음으로형태를갖추었다.대중들의민족주의에대한감정은프랑스혁명때부터생겨났을것이고,1848년에유럽에서발생했던혁명들와중에더욱광범위하게확산되어20세기가되어서야완전한진전에이르렀다.그러나튀르크,아랍,아르메니아,쿠르드민족주의가운데그어느것도1914년이후멸망에직면한오스만제국을민족주의의벼랑으로떨어뜨리지않았다.어떤아르메니아인들은분리된국가를요구했지만압도적인다수는오스만체제를계속선택했다.극소수의쿠르드인들만이자치를논의했다.소수의아랍인지도자들은보다높은수준의자치권을가진지역주의를촉구했지만,대부분의아랍인들은오스만정치조직안에남아있기를바라는것처럼행동했다.요컨데,대다수의오스만신민들은종교와종족을막론하고오스만신민으로서의그들의정체성을유지했다.(Quataert,2008:293-95)오히려오스만제국의멸망은초기근대제국이라는정치조직의형태가맞이한한계에따른멸망으로보는것이옳다.기술적으로변화된20세기의세계속에서이러한근세정치조직의형태는다른실패요인들중에서도급격한규모의비용증대로인한어려움을겪었던것으로보인다.이렇듯오스만제국을근세에대륙을기반으로한아프로-유라시아제국의전형적인사례로본다면,1922년까지10년이넘는기간동안계속해서분할되고,결국소멸한것은시기적절했다고말할수있다.마찬가지로초기근대제국으로남아있던중국의청조는오스만제국의소멸몇년전인1911년에멸망했고,러시아의로마노프왕조는1917년에붕괴했다.돌마바흐체를 떠나는 메헴메드 6세 (출처: 위키커먼스)

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